当前位置：首页 >> 专题栏目 >> 中文摘要
2007年8月2日Nature中文摘要
 BIOX.CN  来源：生命经纬    2007年08月02日
封面故事：由ABC诱导的大气变暖的定量研究
Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar absorption
到2001年，在“印度洋实验”（INDOEX: 1997-1999） 期间首次在阿拉伯海上空
所发现的厚厚的棕色雾霭显然已经可以判断是南亚上空干季的一个持久特征。联
合国环境规划署2002年的一份报告指出，如果包括生物质燃烧在内的污染源不能
得到控制，那么气候就可能受到很大扰动。美国国家航空航天局的TERRA卫星此
后又在其他地方探测到了类似的大气层棕色云（ABCs）。由于ABCs而造成的大气
层日照升温和地表变暗都会推动气候变化， 而要对这种变化进行量化，我们需
要直接测量结果，如本期Nature所发表的两个数据集。第一个是无人驾驶飞机对
印度洋上空日照升温情况的测量结果。第二个是CALIPSO卫星对从印度洋到喜马
拉雅山的一个3公里厚的棕色雾霭进行跟踪的结果。用这些数据所做的气候模拟
表明，由ABC诱导的大气变暖等于温室变暖，从而为喜马拉雅冰川消退提供了一
个解释。（Letter p.575; News & Views; www.nature.com/podcast）图片：V
Ramanathan/H Nguyen


基因组范围内染色质状态分布图（Making the difference）
Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and
lineage-committed cells
虽然一个多细胞生物内的各种不同细胞类型包含同一套基因，但它们却具有很不
相同的行为。这些细胞状态被认为与染色质状态有关，也就是说，与组蛋白和包
裹基因组的其他蛋白的修饰有关。现在，单分子测序技术被用来构建小鼠胚胎干
细胞和其他两种在发育上更先进的细胞类型的染色质状态图，从而显示了重要染
色质修饰在整个基因组范围内的分布。该研究为将综合染色质甄别方法应用于对
各种不同的哺乳动物细胞群、包括癌症等疾病中所出现的异常细胞发育情况进行
定性研究提供了一个框架。（Letter p. 553; News & Views）


小细胞肺癌的分子病理研究（Lung cancer）
Identification of the transforming EML4–ALK fusion gene in
non-small-cell lung cancer
尽管肺癌发病率很高，但其分子病理的很多方面在很大程度上仍然是我们所不了
解的。因此，在相当大比例的非小细胞肺癌患者身上染色体2p的一个小翻转的发
现便具有潜在的重要性。这个翻转产生一种融合蛋白，其中包含名为EML4的一种
蛋白及间变性淋巴瘤激酶ALK的部分内容，后者曾被发现起一种变形的致癌基因
的作用。该融合激酶是诊断和治疗的一个有希望的目标。（Letter p. 561;
News & Views）


随机场模型在铁磁体中的应用（Order and disorder）
A ferromagnet in a continuously tunable random field
真实的物理和生物体系的理论模型可以将一定的无序考虑进去，但它通常只是被
作为一种弱扰动来处理。而在如铁磁体等体系中，主导材料性能的正是这种无
序。一个的确将磁性中的无序效应建设性地考虑进去的模型，即“随机场Ising
模型”，一直非常成功，但到目前为止它只应用于反铁磁体。现在，Silevitch
等人在一种铁磁体中实现了一个随机场模型。利用该模型，有可能在刚刚超过居
里温度（在这个温度所有磁指针都排列起来）的温度下测量磁响应的统一行为，
在居里温度下测量其发散。很多大型探针和成像测量都有可能在铁磁体中进行
（而不能在反铁磁体中进行），所以这项工作将推进随机场问题的基础研究，还
将导致调节“域壁钉扎”(domain wall pinning)强度的方法的问世，这是该现
象实际应用的一个关键步骤。（Letter p. 567; News & Views）


石墨烯中电子自旋的输送（Spin on graphene）
Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene
layers at room temperature
单层或几层石墨烯（由碳组成的一种扁平结构，很像碳纳米管的壁）中电子的输
送是一个人们非常感兴趣的问题。石墨烯可能是自旋电子领域的一种很有希望的
材料，在这个领域，电子的自旋和电荷都被用来制造新颖的装置。Tombros等人
通过研究单层石墨烯中电子自旋的输送，从而在这一方向上迈出了一步。他们所
做的实验涉及通过一个薄绝缘层与铁磁性钴电极接触的石墨烯层。在这个体系
中，电子自旋可以被输送1-2微米的距离，并且通过使用电子质量得到改进的样
品还有可能输送更长的距离。（Letter p. 571）


非火山地震的诱因（Shear stress tremors）
Non-volcanic tremor driven by large transient shear stresses
通过重新分析2002年11月发生的Denali地震（这次地震在北美洲西部大部分地区
诱发了地震活动）期间得到的地震记录，研究人员发现了关于非火山型地震之成
因的详细情况。以前，人们认为板块膨胀是其成因，但新的工作表明，非火山地
震和被推动的断层滑动都可以被板块界面上的剪切应力所诱发。（Letter p.
579）


迄今最古老和最原始的硬骨鱼（Jaws... and teeth）
Jaws and teeth of the earliest bony fishes
记录有颚脊椎动物最早历史的化石非常少。冠群硬骨鱼（包括四足动物在内）的
化石最早可以追溯到志留纪（距今4.18亿年前），但再要将硬骨鱼的历史进一步
向更远的时间追溯就很困难了。现在，Botella等人报告了在两种以前已知的晚
志留纪鱼类（距今4.23亿-4.16亿年前）化石上首次所发现的硬骨鱼特征的可靠
证据，这些特征表明，它们不仅是最古老的、而且也是迄今所发现的从系统发生
学上来讲最原始的硬骨鱼。（Letters p. 583）


“小突变”观点与“大突变”观点的调和（Micro-scale macroevolution）
Morphological evolution through multiple cis-regulatory mutations at a
single gene
物种起源的遗传基础是什么？经典的达尔文“小突变”观点是，一个新物种通过
很多基因上所发生的小突变的累积而与其先祖有所不同。但是有很多例子支持
“大突变”理论，该理论认为，关键的差别在于突发的大变化，尤其是发育中所
涉及到的基因的变化。看来，答案似乎是两种极端情况的一种综合。McGregor等
人对shavenbaby基因进行了仔细研究，该基因已知是造成不同种类果蝇之间在硬
毛分布模式上的差别的基因。他们发现，产生不同物种所特有的硬毛分布模式需
要三种截然不同的基因增强子之间的相互作用。他们得出结论认为，区分不同物
种的大效应基因有时可能反映了在几种特定基因上所发生的多种小效应突变的积
累。所以，“小突变”观点与“大突变”观点之间的历史分歧，可能仅仅代表着
从不同尺度来看同一数据而得到的不同观点。（Letter p. 587）


一种与糖尿病有关的新基因（Novel diabetes gene）
A genome-wide association study identifies KIAA0350 as a type 1
diabetes gene
一种新近被与1-型糖尿病的发病关联起来的基因的发现，可能会推动糖尿病预测
试验的发展。对来自超过500名1-型糖尿病患者和由超过1000名志愿者组成的对
比组的DNA所进行的一项整个基因组范围内的关联研究，证实了（这种糖尿病）
与已知的1-型糖尿病相关基因的关联和与KIAA0350基因的一个新的关联。该基因
被认为编码一类结合糖的C-型凝集素（lectin），这是一类蛋白质，其功能包括
碳水化合物识别及细胞粘附等。（Letter p. 591）


脑损伤后意识的恢复（Stimulation after brain injury）
Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe
traumatic brain injury
目前，没有可靠的方法来增强创伤性脑损伤患者不断丧失的意识的恢复。但最近
的证据表明，一些只有微弱意识的患者是保留有一定水平的脑活动的。这一发现
引起了人们对该话题的兴趣。在一项单一对象研究中，Schiff等人发现，脑损伤
后对有微弱意识的患者的丘脑实施两边深度刺激，能够提高行为响应和功能。在
脑损伤六年多以后所获得的这些观察结果，向目前关于严重脑损伤患者管理的理
念提出了挑战。（Letter p. 600; News & Views）


信号作用与细胞特性的关系（Signalling the difference）
Common effector processing mediates cell-specific responses to stimuli
很多信号通道的基本构成部分在一个生物体中对大多数细胞来说都是相同的。那
么为什么不同细胞类型以不同方式对同样的原始刺激进行反应？现在，研究人员
用一种新颖的系统模拟方法来研究这一问题，重点是两个截然不同的细胞系。结
果显示，细胞特性的主要决定因子是上游信号事件的类型、强度和组合。这些细
胞类型特异性信号被相同的促动因子所整合，产生细胞类型特异性结果。揭开细
胞特性之谜对于了解胚胎发育、生物恒定性及定向疗法的副作用等都很重要。
（Letter p. 604）



----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS
----------------------
Neurology: An awakening pp539 - 540
Neuroscientists and engineers are developing ways to help patients
overcome paralysis and stroke. But what about mental function itself?
Can medical intervention restore consciousness?
Michael N. Shadlen and Roozbeh Kiani
doi:10.1038/448539a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448539a.html

Climate change: Aerosols heat up pp541 - 542
Solid particles suspended in the atmosphere have long played second
fiddle to greenhouse gases as agents of climate change. A study of
atmospheric heating over the Indian Ocean could provoke a rethink.
Peter Pilewskie
doi:10.1038/448541a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448541a.html

Microbiology: The inside story pp542 - 544
The human intestine is home to trillions of bacteria. Investigation of
the colonization of the infant gut by these microorganisms is a
prelude to understanding how they may act in both health and disease.
Laurie E. Comstock
doi:10.1038/448542a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448542a.html

Applied physics: Champing at the bit pp544 - 545
When two 'bits' of magnetic information race around a nanoscale wire,
two factors determine whether or not they survive the course: the
condition of the track, and how fast they respond to the starting
signal.
Russell P. Cowburn
doi:10.1038/448544a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448544a.html

Cancer: Broken genes in solid tumours pp545 - 546
Mutations that cause portions of two genes to fuse together and form a
hybrid gene are frequent in blood-related cancers. New findings
implicate one such fusion gene in the most common type of lung cancer.
Matthew Meyerson
doi:10.1038/448545a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448545a.html

50 & 100 Years Ago p546
doi:10.1038/448546a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448546a.html

Magnetism: Managed mess pp546 - 547
The presence of non-magnetic atoms can create a random internal field
in magnetic crystals. Tuning that field from outside allows the
intrinsic magnetic properties of the material to be precisely
controlled.
Zachary Fisk
doi:10.1038/448546b
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448546b.html

Cancer: An infernal triangle pp547 - 548
Signals induced by sex hormones and inflammation have been viewed as
different aspects of tumour development. But a three-way interaction
between these two classes of signal and carcinogenesis has emerged.
Alberto Mantovani
doi:10.1038/448547a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448547a.html

Genomic biology: The epigenomic era opens pp548 - 549
Readout of information from the genome depends on intricate regulation
of how DNA is packaged by proteins. The great endeavour to reveal how
this packaging operates pan-genomically is now under way.
Stephen B. Baylin and Kornel E. Schuebel
doi:10.1038/448548a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448548a.html

----------------------
NEWS AND VIEWS Q&A
----------------------
Biodiversity: Climate change and the ecologist pp550 - 552
The evidence for rapid climate change now seems overwhelming. Global
temperatures are predicted to rise by up to 4 ℃ by 2100, with
associated alterations in precipitation patterns. Assessing the
consequences for biodiversity, and how they might be mitigated, is a
Grand Challenge in ecology.
Wilfried Thuiller
doi:10.1038/448550a
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/448550a.html

----------------------
ARTICLES
----------------------
Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and
lineage-committed cells pp553 - 560
Single-molecule-based sequencing technology is applied to generate
genome-wide maps of chromatin modifications in mammalian cells.
Histone marks can discriminate genes that are active, poised for
activation, or stably repressed and therefore reflect cell state and
developmental potential.
Tarjei S. Mikkelsen et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06008
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06008.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06008.html

Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in
non-small-cell lung cancer pp561 - 566
A small inversion of chromosome 2p has been found in a significant
proportion of non-small-cell lung cancer patients. This inversion
gives rise to a fusion protein comprising portions of EML4 and the
anaplastic lymphoma kinase, ALK, which functions as a transforming
oncogenes. Oncogenic translocations are frequent in haematopoietic
tumours, but have only rarely been found in solid tumours.
Manabu Soda et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05945
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature05945.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature05945.html

----------------------
LETTERS
----------------------
A ferromagnet in a continuously tunable random field pp567 - 570
This paper reports the discovery that a simply measured magnetic
response is singular above the Curie temperature of a model,
disordered magnet, and that the associated singularity grows to an
anomalous divergence at TC. The origin of the singular response is the
random internal field induced by an external magnetic field transverse
to the favoured direction for magnetization.
D. M. Silevitch et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06050
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06050.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06050.html

Electronic spin transport and spin precession in single graphene
layers at room temperature pp571 - 574
A study of the transport of electron spin in single layers of graphene
examines how graphene could be a promising material for spintronics
applications. Experiments carried out by contacting graphene sheets
with four ferromagnetic cobalt electrodes through a thin insulating
layer find that electron spin is transported over lengths of 1-2
micrometres. It is expected that longer distances should be possible
by improving the electronic quality of the samples.
Nikolaos Tombros et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06037
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06037.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06037.html

Warming trends in Asia amplified by brown cloud solar
absorption pp575 - 578
Measurement of aerosol concentrations, soot amount and solar fluxes
over the polluted Indian Ocean using three vertically stacked light
weight unmanned aerial vehicles finds that atmospheric brown clouds
enhance lower atmospheric solar heating by about 50 per cent. A model
study also suggests that atmospheric brown clouds contribute as much
as the recent increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases to regional
lower atmospheric warming trends.
Veerabhadran Ramanathan et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06019
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06019.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06019.html

Non-volcanic tremor driven by large transient shear stresses pp579
- 582
Justin L. Rubinstein et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06017
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06017.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06017.html

Jaws and teeth of the earliest bony fishes pp583 - 586
The first unambiguous evidence for osteichthyan (bony fishes,
including tetrapods) characters in two previously known Late Silurian
(423-416 Myr) fishes is reported, demonstrating that they are not only
the oldest, but phylogenetically the most primitive osteichthyans
known to date
Hector Botella et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05989
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature05989.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature05989.html

Morphological evolution through multiple cis-regulatory mutations at a
single gene pp587 - 590
Alistair P. McGregor et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05988
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature05988.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature05988.html

A genome-wide association study identifies KIAA0350 as a type 1
diabetes gene pp591 - 594
Type 1 diabetes poses an increasing health problem, and clearly
results from both genetic and environmental factors. A genome-wide
association study has identified at least one gene, previously
unexamined in diabetes, which should be followed up in future studies.
Hakon Hakonarson et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06010
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06010.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06010.html

Distinct classes of chromosomal rearrangements create oncogenic ETS
gene fusions in prostate cancer pp595 - 599
Distinct translocation mechanisms and additional translocation
partners for ETS genes are found in prostate cancer. This study also
provides the first functional evidence that ETS gene deregulation can
promote cancer cell invasion in cell lines and pre-malignant prostate
lesions in a transgenic mouse model.
Scott A. Tomlins et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06024
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06024.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06024.html

Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe
traumatic brain injury pp600 - 603
There are currently no reliable means for enhancing recovery from
extended loss of consciousness following traumatic brain injury. But
this paper demonstrates that bilateral deep brain stimulation in the
thalamus of a single subject, in a minimally conscious state after
brain injury that occured six years earlier, can increase behavioural
responsiveness and function.
N. D. Schiff et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06041
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06041.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06041.html

Common effector processing mediates cell-specific responses to
stimuli pp604 - 608
A systems-modelling approach is used to address the question of why
cells often respond in a cell type-specific manner to stimulation or
pertubations of the signalling network. It shows that the main
determinant of cell specificity is the type, strength and combination
of upstream signalling events. These cell-type specific signals are
integrated by common effectors to create cell type specific outcomes.
Kathryn Miller-Jensen, Kevin A. Janes, Joan S. Brugge and Douglas A.
Lauffenburger
doi:10.1038/nature06001
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06001.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06001.html

Crystal structure of a human membrane protein involved in cysteinyl
leukotriene biosynthesis pp609 - 612
This paper reports the X-ray crystal structure of leukotriene C4
synthase (the pivotal enzyme for the biosynthesis of leukotriene C4),
in a complex with glutathione at 3.3 Angstrom. This work may provide a
structural basis for the development of new leukotriene C4 synthase
inhibitors.
Hideo Ago et al.
doi:10.1038/nature05936
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature05936.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature05936.html

Structural basis for synthesis of inflammatory mediators by human
leukotriene C4 synthase pp613 - 616
The X-ray crystal structure of human leukotriene C4 synthase, in its
apo- and glutathione -complexed forms at 2.00 and 2.15 A resolution,
respectively, is solved. The structure of the enzyme in complex with
substrate reveals that the active site enforces a horseshoe-shaped
conformation of glutathione and positions its thiol group in a way
that explains the selectivity of its chemical reaction.
Daniel Martinez Molina et al.
doi:10.1038/nature06009
Abstract:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/abs/nature06009.html
Article:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7153/full/nature06009.html

 
    
 


【发表评论】 【进入论坛】【关闭页面】
相关文章